African Folktales Essay

In the genuine Nigeria clan African folktales, structure a significant piece of the African culture. There are various courses in how those folktales influence the African culture as a rule; one of this ways is that it’s utilized as a method of imparting. There is a rich, fruitful heritage of old stories from Africa. On this tremendous mainland, people stories and legends fill in as a methods for passing on conventions and customs starting with one age then onto the next. The narrating custom has flourished for ages as a result of the nonattendance of literature. Society stories get ready youngsters forever, as there are numerous exercises to be gained from the stories from the historical backdrop of this enormous mainland, this incorporates the compelling transplanting of the individuals into subjection on different landmasses. Notwithstanding the society stories, there are fantasies, legends, numerous sayings, tongue twisters, and puzzles. In the African society stories, the accounts mirror the way of life where creatures proliferate; thusly, the monkey, elephant, giraffe, lion, zebra, crocodile, and rhinoceros show up oftentimes alongside a wide assortment of winged animals, for example, the ostrich, the secretary fowl, and the falcon. The creatures and fowls take on human qualities of avarice, desire, trustworthiness, depression, and so on. Through their conduct, numerous important exercises are found out. Likewise, the environmental factors wherein the stories happen uncover the incomprehensibility of the land and teach the peruser about the atmosphere, for example, the dry season when it hasn’t came down for quite a long while, or the blustery season when the slopes are smooth with mud. The acacia trees influencing in a delicate breeze, sloppy streams that are home to fish, hippos and crocodiles, greenery secured rocks, and goliath ant colonies that fill in as a â€Å"back scratcher† for colossal elephants, give the peruser a feeling of the assortment of life in this dry or lavish land in this piece of the world. There is abundance of folktales in the African culture of various types a few instances of them are: Uncle Remus Tales, Tortoise and the Hare, Crocodile Tales, The voice of the Drums, The Kind of Lion, String Tales, The Sacred Vulture, Anansi, and Dilemma Tales. Those sorts of stories above are only a few instances of the gigantic African folktales repertory, and the subcategories which play a significant job in the African and Nigerian culture and society, mirroring the creatures that flourish there. Taking everything into account, I can say that folktales assumes a significant job in the African Society, much more than books or other sort of source, this is on the grounds that in Africa are not very many assets of recorded history, so they find out about their history by means of these folktales; without folktales, African history might be inexistent References: Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. New York: Random house, Inc., 1995 http://www.teachervision.fen.com/society stories/asset/3716.html?page=1&detoured=1

The Working Girls

Ladies are entering the work showcase in more noteworthy numbers and are remaining in it longer and for a bigger extent of their work lives (Looking 1996). When asked what they need, ladies react in review after survey† â€Å"pay equity,† â€Å"better wages,† or â€Å"more money† (Looking 1996). At the end of the day, ladies accept they are not being paid what they are worth (Looking 1996). This is a typical reaction here and there the salary range, â€Å"women from the official suite to the manufacturing plant floor, from the workplace to the washroom,† all vibe that they are come up short on (Looking 1996). During the 1970's, ladies earned 59 percent of what men earned, and today they by and large acquire roughly 72 percent of what men win (Looking 1996). In any case, in spite of the fact that ladies' income have ascended, around 3/5 of the narrowing of the hole is because of the fall in men's genuine profit (Looking 1996). Also, the compensation hole develops as ladies and men age, the hole is generally little for young ladies and men, yet from that point men's wages increment strongly while ladies' don't (Looking 1996). Actually, the normal lady in her working prime, in her mid forties, makes just about equivalent to a man in his late twenties (Looking 1996). Around fifteen years back, everything appeared to be conceivable, to â€Å"bring home the bacon, cook it in a container, split the second move with some delicate New Age man,† anyway gradually the playful work-life musicality has changed for proficient ladies (Wallis 2004). Albeit numerous nations have given ladies the privilege to maternity leave and, now and again, liberal sponsorships for youngster care, and some have even started a 35-hour week's worth of work, in any case, the standard for most administrators is as yet 50 hours every week for ladies (Wallis 2004). As indicated by Catalyst, a U. S. esearch and counseling gathering, the normal number for administrators in the U. S. is approximately 70 hours per week (Wallis 2004). Furthermore, for double vocation couples with kids, the consolidated work hours have developed from 81 hours every week in 1977 to 91 hours out of every week in 2002, as indicated by the Families and Work Institute (Wallis 2004). The U. S. Registration information uncover an expansion in homemakers who hold graduate or expert degrees, these are the very ladies who appeared to be bound to impact through the unfair limitation, yet 22 percent of them are home with their youngsters (Wallis 2004). An examination by Catalyst found that one of every three ladies with M. B. A. s are not working all day, contrasted with one out of twenty of their male friends (Wallis 2004). Sylvia Ann Hewlett, financial analyst and creator at Columbia University in New York City, who sees a mind channel all through the best 10 percent of America's work power, says â€Å"What we have found in seeing this gathering in the course of the most recent five years is that numerous ladies who have any sort of decision are picking out† (Wallis 2004). As indicated by another examination discharged in March 2006 by Accenture, a worldwide administration counseling organization, ladies officials around the globe despite everything face a difficult task in work environment fairness, regardless of critical additions during the previous ten years (Most 2006). The investigation, entitled â€Å"The Anatomy of the Glass Ceiling: Barriers to Women's Professional Advancement,† depends on a study of 1,200 male and female officials in eight nations (Most 2006). The respondents were approached to score factors they accepted impacted their profession accomplishment across three measurement: singular (vocation arranging, skill, emphaticness, and so on , organization (strong directors, straightforward advancement forms, and so forth. ), and society (equivalent rights, government backing of parental leave, and so forth ) (Most 2006). The contrasts among male and female respondents' answers were sued to ascertain the current â€Å"thickness† of the unreasonable impediment, a term used to portray an unacknowledged boundary that keeps ladies and different minorities from accomplishing places of intensity or obligation in their callings (Most 2006). As per the examination, 30 percent of ladies officials and 43 percent of male administrators accept that ladies have indistinguishable open doors from men do in the work environment, along these lines supporting the presence of a discriminatory limitation (Most 2006). Despite the fact that there has been some advancement in breaking the unreasonable impediment in the course of recent years, associations and social orders need to see that it is so imperative to underwrite and expand upon the abilities of ladies (Most 2006). In the Bem Sex Role Inventory, specialist Pamela Butler concentrated inquiries on genuine issues ladies face in changing cliché discernments (Merrick 2000). As per Butler, there is serious weight for proficient ladies to comply with cliché jobs, for example, â€Å"cheerfulness,† â€Å"tenderness,† and even â€Å"gullibility† (Merrick 2000). As ladies move into the board in expanding numbers, it has become progressively evident that these cliché convictions ten to confine their headway (Merrick 2000). The ‘Catch 22' is that when ladies attempt procedures of sex inversion and embrace the supposed male qualities, they frequently find that they face another arrangement of issues, that of estrangement and antagonistic vibe, on the grounds that as Butler calls attention to, getting one of the young men is more earnestly than it looks (Merrick 2000). As indicated by Butler, it takes participation from peers at work to make systems work, since inquire about shows that mentalities held by those around a lady, even herself, upset working connections among ladies and men, and these perspectives at last are acknowledged in misfortunes of profitability and of genuine dollars to associations (Merrick 2000). The motivation behind Butler's exploration was to investigate the morals of propagating sexual orientation generalizations in the executives, and to research how the lady chief works under the framework with female qualities that are sustained by socialization and, the other way around, just as how she works under the framework when she embraces manly attributes that break sex jobs (Merrick 2000). The decisions of initiative styles present moral difficulties for ladies, on the grounds that to get along, the new-age lady supervisor frequently finds that she needs to act one route outwardly while being driven by an especially unique mind within (Merrick 2000). In addition, she may find that similarly, her male associates act toward her single direction outwardly yet feel especially distinctively about her at work (Merrick 2000). The new-age lady administrator additionally may wind up playing a savage twofold game in which she is used to show the association has non-oppressive employing rehearses, â€Å"and simultaneously she discover she needs to deal with incognito threatening vibe from her partners in the work environment, who feel they have been compelled to work with her to maintain a strategic distance from issue with the forces that be† (Merrick 2000). Information gathered by L. K. Earthy colored uncovers that 5 percent of the all out overall directors in 1947 were ladies, while just 6 percent of all supervisors in 1978 were ladies (Merrick 2000). In the United States, the figures were 14 percent in 1947, contrasted with 22 percent thirty years after the fact (Merrick 2000). Notwithstanding, the majority of the administrative positions held by ladies are in the fields of wellbeing organization, building oversight and eatery the executives, which means there are more ladies administrators in fields that have customarily been seen ladies' work (Merrick 2000). An overview did by Fortune, found that solitary ten of 6,400 individuals who worked at administrative situations in 1,300 of the country's biggest organizations were ladies (Merrick 2000). Additionally, as per Brown, just 3 percent of ladies directors in the United States gain more than $25,000 yearly (Merrick 2000). Earthy colored reasons that bigger organizations are not advancing ladies for an enormous scope, and that ladies looking for top administration posts may lean toward littler organizations rather than huge male-commanded organizations (Merrick 2000). As indicated by a Canadian overview, 55 percent accept that it is simpler for men to progress in the working environment than ladies, and 42 percent of female officials who were reviewed accept that sexual orientation based separation will never totally vanish from the working environment (Pollara 2000).

Antics!

Antics! Since I havent updated all week, this entry will be super jam-packed to make up for it! This will be easy to do, since I had a pretty jam-packed week. The beginning of the week was either pretty lame or wellit could be that I just dont remember it. But Wednesday night I was working on a 7.012 pset. Alex 08 (recently elected Burton Conner treasurer!) and I were hard at work in his suite lounge on Conner 4: Then Aaron decided to go skiing. It had snowed earlier in the week, but most of the snow had melted. That didnt stop us. Aaron strapped on the skis and made his way over to Briggs field, the athletics field right across from BC. Alex got out his bike. You see where this is going, right? While they were all working out the details of this particular arrangement, Sam 09 and I passed the time by having a swordfight with Aarons ski poles: We stopped to watch (and take pictures) of the fun: Not sure how much fun this was for those involved, but it definitely workedto an extent. And watching it was an awesome way to procrastinate from bio. Aaron, Alex, and Sam pose for a picture in front of Burton-Conner. Notice that Sam is wearing open-toed flip flops. *shakes head* Then, on Thursday night, I had an 18.01 pset to do. Since Becky and Sam are both not only in 18.01, but also better at it than I am, I made my way up to Conner 4 again to do some work. When I got there, they were all hanging out in the floor lounge because Conner 4 was having its Secret Santa gift exchange. Someone gave Aaron and cops and robbers set, so you can imagine that this opened up a whole lot of fun involving toy guns Somehow, however, it developed into John, Alex, Sam, Sarah, and I running around all of Conner-side in various states of costume (Sarah apparently routinely dresses up as Captain Texas by draping Alexs Texas flag around her shoulders like a cape. I wore a face mask type thing. Kind of like Zorro, only not.) and attacking people. After running around Conner 4, we made our way down to ambush Conner 2. We attacked April, then Meara (her roommate, Adelaide, wasnt around), and then the 223 suite. You may already be acquainted with some of the residents of the 23 suite through Sams blog: Ruth 07 (frequent commenter) and Rick 09. Dave 09 and Zach 08 also live there, and Im sure theyve been mentioned on the blogs at some point simply because there are 3 bloggers on their floor. Anyway, we ran in with our toy guns and were delighted to find out that they were willing to fight back! Some wrestling went on, but when Rick came out with a PVC pipe, we decided to get the hell out of there. Soon after this, we were told to quiet down by the night security guard, only the night security guard is super cool so he was really nice about it. When we got back to the 413 suite, someone made the decision to go to IHOP. Then, when we got back, my pset got into a horrible accident with a water balloon. (Yes, this was all in one day. Except for the skiing part, which happened the day before.) Then everyone else finally went to sleep and I was finally able to copy over the work I had already done and actually finish the pset. I wont even tell you what time this was, or what time I went to sleep. I will tell you that it was snowing when I went to sleep early Friday morning. Earlier in the morning, the snow was on that unfortunate border between snow and rain- it wasnt quite cold enough for real snow. Sarah and I stopped to check out a snowman that April told us that she, Becky, Sam, Darthur 08, and a bunch of other random people built in Killian Court. Unfortunately, Frosty had passed on before we got there, thanks to the lousy wet/rainy/not really snowy condtions: (Sarah seems a little too happy about the demise of Frosty, but I just take the pictures) I did manage to take some pretty pictures on the walk back to BC though. The first is Sarah in front of McCormick and the next 3 are pictures of Killian Court. Once I was back in the dorm, I had two hours before my next class. On the way back towards the academic buildings, I was happy to notice that the weather had cooled down considerably so that it was snowing for real. On the way back to the dorm an hour later, I was less happy to notice that the snow had developed into blizzard-like conditions. I was able to make good use of the underground tunnels to get from Building 54 to the main academic buildings without going outside. =) An hour later, the snow had pretty much stopped (crazy!). I was getting ready to go outside and play in the snow with Sarah when the 223 suite came to get their revenge for the night before. Ill let you guess what happened from these pictures: Then I played in the snow, baked some cookies and brownies (ok, so Becky and Sam baked and I ate their food), and watched a movie. And that was my week. And in anticipation of your next questions: yes, I actually got my work done. And showered regularly. See? It is possible! Responses to comments: Heh. Looks like MIT sucks big time. Im going to sunny Pasedena, California. CALTECH RULES! Hey Mr. Anonymous, some people like the snow. So back off. =P Tralza: Which [Harry Potter]book is your favorite? No! Dont make me choose. Oh geez. Im a big fan of Prisoner of Azkaban, but I think Order of the Phoenix is my favorite. I know lots of people dont like it because Harry is a brat. Maybe Im just a brat too because I totally feel for him throughout most of that book. Merudh: so hows the cafeteria food at MIT? you think I should start learning how to cook this winter break lol Uh, I dont really eat the cafeteria food so much. I know some people refer to Lobdell (the dining hall in the student center) as Lobdeath, and the food Ive eaten from there has been rather bland, but edible. Im a fan of Alpine, a place in the student center that sells bagels, pizza, and grill sandwhiches. But I just avoid cafeteria good altogether, so I may not be the best person to ask. Clark Poland: Im curious, but how much of the student body eats food prepared by themselves or other students as opposed to eating facilities on campus? Uhhhno idea. Sorry. I can say that residents of dorms with dining halls (Simmons, Baker, MCormick and Next) are usually required to buy into this preferred dining plan (where they pay a flat fee and then get to pay half price at dining halls), so those students usually try to get their moneys worth of it. At the same time, however, plenty of people who live in BC or New or other dorms without dining halls visit other dorms for food, but I have no idea how many of them there are. Merudh again: anyway, how do i get a blog like this? Do I have to be an MIT student to get one these blogscan I be a prospective applicant and get one? lol Ben works in mysterious ways. Bascally, last year during CPW he told me he liked my (personal) blog and asked me to write for MyMIT. At that point I was already admitted although not really a student, so it would be even more of a stretch to write as an applicant. =) Im sure if you express your interest to Ben, hell keep it in mind as he looks for 10 bloggers. Jane: Ooh, heres a question: youve totally confused me about where you actually live: is it connor 2, 3, or 4? :) Let me put it this way: my roommate lives on Conner 2. I have lots of close friends on Conner 4, so I used to hang out with them on weekends a lot and stuff. As I spent more time with Becky and Sam, I got to know and love all the rest of their floormates as well, to the point where I go up there to do work with them too. I sleep, eat, and shower on Conner 2, but thats about it. So the joke was that I should just tell people that I live on Conner 3, because its halfway in between. A better way of putting it would be to say that I live in the stairwell between Conner 2 and Conner 4. =) Edward: How many people do you think work on psets on their own? Uhhhno idea. Its really hard to tell. Most people collaborate, and a lot of the psets are generally designed for that anyway. Some people prefer to try to force their way through it and only look for help if they get stuck. Maybe those people are just smarter. All I know is that I tried that a few times and didnt get very far before getting stuck. =) I cant really give you a number, but its definitely a small percentage of people who work on them on their own. So, that answers just about every question ever asked of me. Whew. If you feel you asked a question that I never answered, I totally missed you and Im really sorry so please ask again. =) Also, Im trying this new policy where I just answer questions immediately after theyre asked instead of saving them up for a QA entry, so ask away my friends. Parents too! Also, now that Im spending more time on CollegeConfidential, Id love it if you CC people would identify yourselves! If you post to CC and comment on my blog, Im sure youve somehow left clues that can help me match up the 2 identities, but theres no way Ill ever be able to figure it out. So if you comment here, mention your CC name. Or something. Also feel free to PM me on CC or email me (see the banner for my email address) if you have more personal questions. Whew. There was one marathon entry. Next time Ill try real hard to write about my antics as they happen. Have a great day!

Learn About the Geography of the Middle Eastern Country of Pakistan

Pakistan,  officially called the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is located in the  Middle East  near the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman. It is bordered by  Afghanistan,  Iran,  India,  and  China. Pakistan is also very close to Tajikistan, but the two countries are separated by the Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan. The country has the sixth-largest population in the world and the second-largest  Muslim population  in the world after Indonesia.  The country is divided into  four provinces, one territory, and one capital territory for local administration. Fast Facts: Pakistan Official Name: Islamic Republic of PakistanCapital: IslamabadPopulation: 207,862,518 (2018)Official Languages: Urdu, EnglishCurrency: Pakistani rupee (PKR)Form of Government: Federal parliamentary republicClimate: Mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in northTotal Area: 307,373 square miles (796,095 square kilometers)Highest Point:  K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) at 28,251 feet (8,611 meters)  Lowest Point: Arabian Sea at 0 feet (0 meters) Geography and Climate of Pakistan Pakistan has a varied topography that consists of the flat, Indus plain in the east and the Balochistan plateau in the west. In addition, the Karakoram Range, one of the worlds highest mountain ranges, is in the north and northwest part of the country. The worlds second-highest mountain,  K2, is also within Pakistans borders, as is the famous 38-mile (62 km) Baltoro Glacier. This glacier is considered one of the longest glaciers outside of the Earths polar regions. The climate of Pakistan varies with its topography, but most of it consists of hot, dry desert, while the northwest is temperate. In the mountainous north,  though, the climate is harsh and considered  Arctic. Economics and Land Use in Pakistan Pakistan is considered a developing nation and has a highly underdeveloped economy. This is largely because of its decades of political instability and a lack of foreign investment. Textiles are Pakistans main export, but it also has industries that include food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer,  and shrimp. Agriculture in Pakistan includes cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables, milk, beef, mutton,  and eggs.  Resources include natural gas reserves and limited petroleum. Urban vs. Rural Just over one-third of the population lives in urban areas (36.7 percent), though that number is increasing slightly. Most of the population lives in the areas near the Indus River and its tributaries, with Punjab the most densely populated province.   Earthquakes Pakistan is situated above two tectonic plates, the Eurasian and Indian plates, and their motion makes the country primarily a site of major strike-slip earthquakes. Earthquakes above 5.5 on the Richter scale are relatively common. Their location in relation to population centers determines whether there will be extensive loss of life. For example, a 7.4 magnitude earthquake January 18, 2010, in southwest Pakistan, didnt cause any fatalities, but another in the same province that came in at a 7.7 in September 2013 killed more than 800. Four days later, another 400 people were killed in the province in a 6.8 magnitude quake. The worst in recent memory was in Kashmir in the north in October 2005. It measured 7.6, killed 80,000, and left 4 million homeless. More than 900 aftershocks rolled on afterward for almost three weeks.   Sources Central Intelligence Agency. CIA: The World Factbook: Pakistan.Dawn. Timeline of major earthquakes in Pakistan: 1971-2018.

E-Commerce - A World of Opportunities for the Small...

E-commerce is one of the grandest trademarks of the 21st century. By allowing anyone with a credit card to purchase any product - at any time - at the click of a mouse, e-commerce has opened a world full of opportunities for the small business owner and the shopaholic. But e-commerce is not without its apparent flaws. It has the advantage of speed, a variety of products, and a great start up for e-commerce businesses, but product quality, bad businesses, and hackers are its main foibles. When you break e-commerce down to its bare components, you will find that speed is the fundamental requisite that all sites carry – and the reason that so many people are drawn to it. Take for example the typical choice a holiday shopper has. Christmas†¦show more content†¦The speed of e-commerce is why over 49% of Americans buy their products online and 60% rely on the internet to compare and contrast products (Roos, 2010). It is so heavily relied upon that customers generally tolera te a certain threshold, measured in seconds, of time it takes to load a webpage. â€Å"Around 40% of consumers will wait no more than three seconds for a webpage to render before leaving a site†(The Importance of Speed in Online Shopping, 2010). This proves the power that speed has on the consumer and how the consumer perceives a company. But sadly, the speed of e-commerce is a double-edged sword. It works for both the consumer and the people who are trying to cheat them – hackers. Hackers are online thieves that purposely sabotage other’s computers in order to steal their personal information. They steal this information, which composes of contact information, social security, pin and account numbers, and use it for their own gain. To achieve their goals, hackers use malicious codes and viruses that download themselves on other’s computers. These viruses are called Trojans, because they masquerade as a useful program but instead infect and destroy a computer from the inside. One method of doing this is sending out fraudulent emails that contain Trojans to consumers. These usually come in the form of fake lottery winnings, money offers and false job advertisements. According to Singh (2009), email has provided hackers and crackersShow MoreRelatedE Commerce And Its Impact On Todays Economy1054 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"In e-Commerce, your prices have to be better because the consumer has to take a leap of faith in your product.† These were the words uttered by actor, producer, and investor, Ashton Kutcher. It is clear that what Ashton is saying is 100% factual, as it is essential to give customers the best shopping experience by providing with a well-rounded and most efficient website. 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Information and communications technology (ICT) and E-Commerce and E-Business applications have a largeRead MoreE-Commerce: Pros and Cons of Taking the Clothing Store Online1535 Words   |  6 Pagesconduct business. Today, most businesses have come to the realization that to remain relevant in a highly competitive marketplace; they must fully exploit the opportunities presented by both technology and the Internet. In this text, I discuss a number of issues arising out of my resolve to engage in e-Commerce as the owner of a small clothing store along the Jersey Shore boardwalk. Pros and Cons of Taking the Clothing Store Online According to Schniederjans Cao (2002), e-Commerce is the exchangeRead MoreDesigning An E Commerce Solution Evaluation Essay1624 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Types of E-commerce†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. E-commerce in use by organisations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... Financial implications†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Designing an e-commerce solution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Evaluation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Introduction. Many businesses have shown that after implementing an e-commerce system into their companies, sales have increasedRead MoreLowe S Home Improvement Strategic And O Essay1574 Words   |  7 PagesWeaknesses, Threats Opportunities (SWOT) This strategic plan addresses the following key strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities for Lowe’s Home Improvement: Strengths Weaknesses Established presence and efficient merchandising Reliance on third party manufacturers could undermine Lowes reputation Strong logistics and distribution system Global Limitation Focus on offering seamless multi-channel experience Opportunities Threats Growing e-commerce and m-commerce sales Intense competitionRead MoreBusiness Functions Of A Business988 Words   |  4 PagesIdentify the business functions MWS will need in order to operate effectively. MWS needs a variety of business functions in order to operate effectively. Identifying the business functions for any organization serves as a starting point in developing its mission statement. As the business of the company is over the internet, therefore, It needs to determine that how the internet will further the information and efforts for communication of the company and with whom the information will be shared

International Integration Free Essays

string(172) " and Dutch were all involved in international integration as they claimed overseas territories in the form of colonies and motivated international trade\(Iadicola, 2008\)\." International Integration Introduction The ongoing process of international integration is often referred to as ‘globalization’. An organization called the ‘United Nations’ (UN) is specifically important as it is contributing to this process by creating a possibility for its members to discuss problems, initiatives and much more. Almost all states are its members and through that an important environment is created for international integration. We will write a custom essay sample on International Integration or any similar topic only for you Order Now The question this article tries to answer is; ‘Is international integration an advantage or disadvantage for world peace? ‘. An answer is tried to be found through the exploration of the process of globalization, its link to the UN and the current conflict in Syria. The case study of the current conflict in Syria explores how the UN works in certain situations and the problems it faces for acting on an international level. It will be used as an example to find an answer to the main question. As the UN is almost an universal organization it is the terrain for endless discussion between its members who all have certain interests. But its democratic character may not be truly valid as certain actors have more power than others, influencing the process of equal input. International integration and its features are constantly developing and as will be described the process has multiple consequences, positive and negative ones. Globalization Modern society anno 2012 could be described as an interconnected world where information is shared at a rapid pace through various channels as internet, television and telecommunications. Mankind has evolved a curiosity in everything that happens around him. Nowadays it is possible to acquire the latest news by a single mouse click and we are excited to share even the slightest happenings through our personal domains such as Facebook and Twitter. A global network of intelligence arose with the development of modern day communication resources, one of the reasons for the process of globalization (Jeffery, 2002). The general understanding of the process of globalization is the increasing international integration of the world caused by mass trade and cultural exchange (Fincle Govale, 2012). Although opinions also seem to differ about the meaning of the concept it is generally accepted that it is concerned with the growing scope, speed and intensity of interconnectedness worldwide (Goldstein Pevehouse, 2011). Reasons given for globalization are; freedom of trade, improvements of transportation, labor wages and skills and improvement of communication resources (Fincle Govale, 2012). Globalization has resulted in increased international trade, transnational corporations, faster and better accessibility of information, freer movement of persons and a greater dependence on the world economy. Opponents of globalization see an expanding gap between the rich and the poor, as wealthy states drain human and natural resources from less developed countries for unfair compensations (Jeffery, 2002). Several indicators for globalization have been developed over the last decades, relevant are their variables and data they use. One of the first indicators designed and one that is used as reference for many others is the Kearney/FP index which is supported by a database (Lombaerde Iapadre, 2007). It takes into account; â€Å"[†¦ ] the economic integration in the world economy, the extent of international political engagement, the internationalization of personal contacts of citizens and the use of internet technology. † (Lombaerde Iapadre, 2007, p. 3). The Modified Globalization Index, by Martens and Zywietz, includes these four variables and adds another two;†[†¦ ] the involvement of a country’s military-industrial complex with the rest of the world, and the intensity of globalization in the ecological domain. † (Lombaerde Iapadre, 2007,p. 4) Their definition of globalization is; â€Å"[†¦ ]the intensification of cross-national cultural, economic, political, social and technological interactions that lead to the establishment of transnational structures and the global integration of cultural, economic, environmental, olitical and social processes on global, supranational, national, regional and local levels. † (Lombaerde Iapadre, 2007,p. 4). Another is the Dreher globalization index that builds on the Kearney/FP index and emphasizes on information flows and international integration through economic policy development. Another description of globalization is found in the work of Gibbens, who s eems to agree that globalization is a process of cultural, political and economical integration of nation states throughout the globe (Giddens, 2000). Ritzer(2004) introduces, actually prefers, the use of the term ‘grobalization’, since he focuses on the imperialistic character of nations and transnational corporations. He pinpoints the will to integrate internationally by those who have the resources required. International integration is a worldwide process with consequences. The process is steered by forces and it is important to mention that these forces are not divided equally across the world but rather are directed from a centre (Iadicola, 2008). Nowadays the United States of America is in this centre of a so-called global empire. It has the most influence on international organizations and the determination of integration on political, economical and societal levels among nation states (Iadicola, 2008). Iadicola(2008)researched this power centre empire idea. A passage concerned with globalization states that;†[†¦ ] globalization is in part a product of the power of empires as a result of conquest and trade and immigration creating patterns of cultural diffusion. â€Å"(Iadicola, 2008, p. 2-3). Globalization started long ago and it intensified during the colonial era. Yet, nowadays it seems globalization has increased in speed and reach as could be explained by the intense growth communication means, with internet as key feature. The empire has played a sufficient role in the distribution of capital flows, trade and economic partnership. Integrating more and more states into the world economy does not mean that wealth is equally divided among them, as Iadicola(2008) describes;†[†¦ ] the structure of international flows of income, investments, and royalty payments today does not correspond to any notion of an interdependent world that is mutually benefiting from these flows. In contrast, singular concentration and unidirectional flows towards imperial-based corporations dominates the process of globalization[†¦ ]. â€Å"(Iadicola, 2008). Empires have determined the forces of globalization for ages, The British Empire is a prime example of how trade was used to connect multiple continents. But also the Greek, Ottoman and the European empires as the Portuguese, Spanish and Dutch were all involved in international integration as they claimed overseas territories in the form of colonies and motivated international trade(Iadicola, 2008). You read "International Integration" in category "Essay examples" Maier(2005)sees the empire as a major, leading actor in international integration. The forces needed to influence globalization are found at this actor. Empires are organized by and for those who principally control resources and production and not by those who work for it, as the empire has a class ideology(Maier, 2005). The empire has four essential features that relate to its influence or penetration of those dominated by it. These features can be seen as globalization forces, used to gain more wealth, power and increased global cultures. It uses; military-, economic-, cultural- and political penetration and integration. The USA has used these means with increasing intensity over the last decades to expand their interest (Iadicola, 2008). Globalization can be seen as international integration at multiple levels. Its intensification over the last decades can be attributed to new and faster ways of communication, increased global trade and the need of the empire for expanding its power. Yet, there is more to describe that will help to discover its limitations, overall developments and influence. Relevant for the increasing international integration is international law. International law can be seen a system of principles, rules, concepts and norms for governing and managing relations among states, intergovernmental organizations(IGO), nongovernmental organizations(NGO), individuals and several other actors in globalization. International law’s main sources of creation are custom and treaties(conventions). Customary international law can be seen as law that arises from certain, commonly practiced actions by states. An example is the immunity diplomats enjoy in foreign countries. Custom will most of the time be formalized into a treaty, the most important source of international law (Scott, 2010). These laws are created to rise expectations, create stability among states and determine how states should interact on international level as well as national. Although states enjoy sovereignty, they are restrained when certain agreements are made between states and adaptation of domestic policy might be required and is sometimes urgent (Shaw, 2008). International law is created by states, IGO’s and NGO’s and it is made for them. The creation of international law is an outcome of international integration where states work together to set boundaries, create rules and determine what is important. Through international law it becomes clear that globalization influences all involved and will have consequences. The UN is the major actor that creates the environment for the adaptation of international law, what will become clear later in the article. As mentioned, treaties are the main source of international law. It is an agreement that legally binds parties under international law (Scott, 2010). There are bilateral, two parties involved, and multilateral treaties in where three or more parties participate. The focus on international integration makes it relevant to research multilateral treaties. â€Å"A multilateral treaty is the culmination of what may have been a long political process. [†¦ ]Once the treaty document is in place it provides the central focus for the continuation of the political process that, together with the treaty itself, can now be referred to as a ‘regime’. [†¦ ] a pattern of cooperation[†¦ ]†(Scott, 2010, p. 161-163). According to Krasner(1983) a regime is â€Å"[†¦ principles, norms, rules and decision-making processes around which actor expectations converge in a given issue area. â€Å"(Scott, 2010, p. 163). The described passage provides a reasonable idea of what a regime in international law is. To establish a regime several factors or processes are involved. The first process is that of there being an i ssue of importance that concerns three or more states(Scott, 2010). There is a need to manage a common problem. It triggers the process of international integration. This need will be generated by negotiations, the second process. It is in this phase that states or certain parties have the possibility to define, prioritize and recommend. Negotiations happen between states, but also between IGO’s and NGO’s who are capable of putting certain issues on the agenda of states, such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(Scott, 2010). During the negotiations parties are able to hear each other out, trade information or make proposals. The very existence of a variety of parties makes it tempting to think that there are many issues that need attention, much negotiations happen and that there are an enormous amount of multilateral treaties. The last part is a fact, a solid proof of an interconnected world, where cooperation is extensively exercised. Yet, the value of an issue depends on by who it is presented. As mentioned before, globalization seems to be steered by an empire and especially from its centre. Scott(2010) does not mention empire, but he uses a different term, ‘hegemon’. â€Å"The theory of hegemonic stability suggests, most basically, that a regime emerges when a hegemon-a state with preponderant power- regards such a regime as being in its best interests. The United States has been a world hegemon since World War II. â€Å"(Scott, 2010, p. 165). A hegemon is a super power who is capable of exercising positive leadership and is capable of making others accept its preferences. Short term costs are seen as a possibility when the hegemon regards the regime to be useful and will pay off in the long run. Phase three and four are closely related. In the event of a conference all parties, or its delegations are presented the basic draft of the treaty in where an issue is tried to be managed. Proposals of laws, measures to be taken or cooperation to be achieved are presented and discussed during the conference which will result in a final draft on which all parties agree. Phase four is adoption and ratification of the final draft, legally binding all parties. A regime is established. Globalization is for a large part achieved through treaty making, where parties work together to find solutions, create plans for development and control processes. Besides states working together, individuals can influence its process by creating needs, address problems and inform. The modern means of communication have increased the connectivity between society and those in power as international integration is increasing on all levels. Some multilateral treaties establish an international organization that is concerned with the provisions the treaty entails. The United Nations The most known international organization, made up of states, is the United Nations(UN). It was established via the UN charter, a multilateral treaty, stating its goals, procedures, means and measures and much more on how all participants were to act. It started with 51 member states and it has 193 nowadays. The UN is an organization that reaches all over the globe and it is possible for every member to address a problem during certain occasions(Scott,2008). The UN is as it were an umbrella organization, it established many others to carry out what was agreed upon in the UN charter. The UN has so many organizations that it practically is involved all over the world with all kinds of problems on economical, social and conflict matters(Scott, 2008). The UN charter is made of several articles, divided in chapters, paragraphs and subparagraphs. It is an immense agreement on how states should interact, develop, help and much more. The first article states the UN’s main purpose on which it was founded after World War II. Article 1 â€Å"The Purposes of the United Nations are: 1. To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace; . To develop friendly relations among nations based on respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples, and to take other appropriate measures to strengthen universal peace; 3. To achieve international co-operation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for huma n rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion; and 4. To be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations in the attainment of these common ends. (UN, 1945) International peace and security, global peace and security, a global purpose which states that all members should help to solve and prevent problems as peacefully as possible. By signing the UN Charter a state will become part of an extensive network of rules and procedures which it has to embrace, which have been determined by them and others. The UN has increased its influence due to the creation of an environment for treaty making. Over time the UN has become the world’s most important organization for international integration by motivating states to solve problems. Its power has be justified by its members and the agreements between them (Schooyans, 2001). The major organs of the UN are the Security Council, the International Court of Justice, the Economical and Social Council and the General Assembly. For finding an answer to my question the focus will be on the Security Council. The Security Council is an organ that is most known due to the measures it can take. It is made up out of 5 permanent members and 10 non permanent members which will be selected by the General Assembly. Its permanent members are China, The United Kingdom, The USA, France and Russia. In chapter V of the Charter articles are defined to state its purpose. Article 24 â€Å"1. In order to ensure prompt and effective action by the United Nations, its Members confer on the Security Council primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, and agree that in carrying out its duties under this responsibility the Security Council acts on their behalf. [†¦ ] (UN, 1945). All members should keep the Security Council informed, an obligation to make sure the UN can act if this is required. The five permanent members have a veto right, meaning they can dismiss certain decisions even when they are urgent, generally accepted and majority voted. According to article 42 and 43 of the UN charter the Security Council is able to implement measures as economical and political exclusion, named sanctions. If no positive result follows, then it is allowed to use article 43 stating â€Å"[†¦ ]it may take such action by air, sea, or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security. Such action may include demonstrations, blockade, and other operations by air, sea, or land forces of Members of the United Nations. † (UN, 1945). Whenever the Security Council comes to an agreement about what measures should be taken it presents a resolution, a formal statement, extensively describing what is to come, how it is to come and who should be involved. A resolution could form the basis for a military intervention. A problem that needs attention, according to the Security Council is (article 39)†[.. ] any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression[†¦ ]† (UN, 1945). The Security council has presented multiple resolutions with regards to an act of aggression such as resolution 83 and 84, 1950, to use force â€Å"[†¦ ] to repel the armed attack upon the republic of Korea by forces of North Korea. â€Å"(Scott,2010, p. 103). The use of force has been authorized through more resolutions regarding, Kuwait, Somalia and Sudan. Looking back at the main question, it might be tempting to say that an organ, with multiple members, working for a safe and secure world is a definite yes. International integration has reached a point where there is a collective choice. A democratically (up till the veto) determined procedure that takes into account agreed norms and values by almost all states. The vision was formed by 51 founding members and today the charter is almost universal. When a decision to interfere, to use force, to discriminate sovereignty, to ‘ensure’ safety and security is made it becomes clear that this world is so interconnected, that it lets an organization decide over life and death. Determining if the use of force is necessary, is not only led by the Security Council, it is allowed to ask help and advice to reach a conclusion. Many international organizations keep track of human rights and they are eager to alarm the security council to act, with sanctions or force, when they think something needs to be changed. Their expertise and resources make them trustworthy, not only for the Security Council but also for the world population. The increasing interconnectedness of the world makes it possible for these organizations to spread their worries and claims faster than ever before due to technological innovations as the internet, smart phones and global broadcast channels. International integration benefits from these technological innovations as problems become more visible and are spread faster. Communication and cooperation between organizations and states can lead to fast decisions and less damage to those under threat. International interventions, approved by the Security council, have increased in numbers since the ending of the cold war. The 1990’s can be appointed as the decade where most international interventions took place. It is also in this period that the idea of diplomacy over the use of force blurred. The use of force, military interventions, became a short term solution that would end the suffering of those suppressed. With regards to the twentieth century Afghanistan and Iraq are the most violent interventions so far. After the 9/11 terrorist attack in New-York, the USA promoted and executed the ‘war on terror’. This replaced the idea behind interventions for humanitarian and conflict reasons to a new enemy; international terrorism and its supporting regimes. The use of violence became a tool to scare off the opponent as well as completely deactivating him. Inner state conflicts that have been addressed increasingly over the past two decades are a relative new symptom for the UN and its Security Council. Shifting from conflicts between states to a state in conflict with itself. The traditional rules for peace keeping did not apply for these kinds of conflicts(Zandee, 2012). International integration reaches to the very integrity of states, as seen with the use of resolutions. Not only in cooperative ways, but also in the form of interventions approved through cooperation between states. The link between globalization and the UN is in its cooperative character, where the United Nations provides a ground for discussion, problem solving, initiatives and the creation of rules. The UN promotes development on different levels and multiple fields and it is to be reached through cooperation between its members (Bertucci Alberti, 2001). In the year 2000 the ‘UN Millennium Summit’ was held for the purpose of the discussion and adaptation of the ‘UN Millennium Declaration’. Over 150 world eaders eventually adopted the declaration, agreeing on the goals it set out to achieve for the upcoming 15 years such as less poverty, better health care and non-violence. Important was the emphasis on better and more efficient cooperation between its members, an increase of international integration. One of the main points made was to make globalization a positive force for all world’s people (Sneyd, 2005). Syria Syria is a state in the middle east neighbori ng Jordan, Israel, Turkey, Lebanon and Iraq. Its main source of income is the oil- and gas industry and a small sector of tourism can be found at the Mediterranean sea. Syria has had several conflicts over time regarding territory with its neighboring states (Donker Janssen, 2011). Syria’s recent history has been used as one of the many motives for the protests that arose in the spring of 2011. In 1967 the Syrian political party Ba’ath took power by a coupe, overthrowing the government. After this, in 1970, the Ba’athist Hafez al-Assad took power in his own hands via a second coupe. He used his military connections, as he fought in many sections, too establish a loyal security force. Hafez al-Assad appointed many relatives and friends to several high governmental and military functions. In the beginning he was not very popular as he originated from a relatively small community of Alawi. Syria houses a variety of subcultures and religious sects and multiple conflicts between them have passed over time. Yet, the majority of Syria supported him for bringing stability to the economy and its inhabitants. This changed over time as Hafez al-Assads regime became more authoritarian and the economy started to fail. In the 1970’s uprisings begun, which became more and more violent under the leadership of the ‘Muslim Brotherhood’. An example is its sniper campaign targeting the government’s representatives. Many inhabitants did not support this way of protesting and the increasing awareness of the Brotherhood’s intentions gave way for Hafez al-Assad to act brutally in 1982. This was the final standoff between the Islamists and the regime and it took place in Hama. An estimated number of civilian causalities varies between 5000 to 20000. Hafez al-Assad’s ruler ship was based on fear and showed severe consequences for those trying to destroy it. The media was state controlled and still is in present day (Donker Janssen, 2011). To gain stability after the uprisings Hafez al-Assad assigned more political positions to other sub group members of Syria. In response to the Brotherhood, any political form of Islam was strictly forbidden. During the late 1980’s and 1990’s Syria underwent, as many other states due to ending of the cold war, economic liberation. Policies developed actually improved the position of political elites who had the resources to engage in exclusive economic deals. The tension between state, now seen as corrupt, and its society grew. In July 2000 Bashar al-Assad succeeded his father and he has been the leader of Syria ever since. His attitude and means concerned with ruling Syria do not vary that much from his father; society’s voice and politics are still not coherent as a small group owns most of the states power as well as economical and military resources. Bashar al-Assad’s nationalism, clientelism and severe repression held up over the years until March 2011 (Donker Janssen, 2011). On March 6, 2011, children that were not older than 15 wrote the text ‘the people want the fall of the regime’ (in Syrian) in the southern city Daraa. The children were arrested and tortured by Syrian security forces. Protests arose in response to this incident, first locally, but it did not take long for the remaining Syrians to participate in nationwide demonstrations. At first uprisings were generally peaceful, as people remembered what happened under his father’s ruler ship. Yet, over time certain protest groups became more violent and separated themselves from the mainstream, but still recalling its support (Donker Janssen, 2011). Videos posted on YouTube of the arrests spread a wide feeling of anger, among citizens, but also internationally (Times, 2011). Anti governmental movements have been suppressed to underground spheres under the ruler ship of the al-Assads and its police state. Yet, there was an opening for coming out now. Support for protests and coordinated uprisings were now present and several movements tried to gather as much people as possible. Thus, it happened several times that the government controlled media was manipulated to prevent protest progress as when mobile phone networks were shutdown as well as many websites (Zoepf, 2011). The so-called ‘Arab Spring’ started at the end of December 2010 as a series of protests and demonstrations across several North African and Middle Eastern states, such as in Libya, Egypt, Lebanon, Tunisia and also in March 2011 in Syria (Schippers, 2011). The Arab Spring was mostly led by the voices of youngsters concerned with their future. The feeling of repression, unemployment, corruption and little democratic value triggered many to protest against their current leaders and governments. Many other states were showing symptoms of breaking regimes, motivating Syrians to continue to fight for their cause (Schippers, 2011). The peaceful protests gave way for more violent ones once the government started to repress them with violence. Heavy military resources were used to break up demonstrations as well as targeted assaults on protest group leaders (Schippers, 2011). More and more, images, videos and reports came from Syria and were spread all over the world. The cruel acts of armed government forces towards civilians were portrayed as terroristic, suppressive, inhumane and in violation with international laws (Khalay, 2011). As in other ‘Spring’ states, governments were not going to settle easy. Violence was commonly used in Egypt and the prime example is Libya where the protests led to a civil war between government and several protest groups. The killing of civilians by a central, repression based government was described as a crime and the international community was to be involved soon (Khalay, 2011). Amnesty International is an international organization concerned with human rights. It is mayor player in international integration, as its reports trigger discussion, provoke change and picture current developments. During the Arab Spring, Amnesty International has been highly concerned with the treatment of civilians. Reports about Syria indicate serious human rights violations and the organization is alarming the international community to act to stop these practices. Violent attacks harm civilians and there is a lack of primary resources and security. It is a situation that needs to be changed and it needs to be changed fast as these gross violations lead to more causalities every day (Khamis, 2012). International intervention returns to the picture. Up till recent day the inner state conflict Syria is dealing with, is still not resolved. Thousands of deaths are marking an ongoing civil war which seems not to end on a short notice as the Syrian regime of Bashar al-Assad still enjoys military support(although some soldiers turned over) as well as scarce, yet important public support. The international community, with the UN as main player, has alarmed the Syrian government to stop its activities and has applied multiple sanctions to pressure its movement and resources such as oil export restrictions (Iadtu, 2011). The security council has been involved since the beginning of the cruel acting of the armed government forces. The Arab Spring has been interpreted as a period of humanitarian crimes, where old repressive regimes are tried to be destroyed (Iadtu, 2011). The Security Council approved a military intervention in Libya, bombing governmental buildings, weapons depots and providing resources and manpower to the ‘democratic’ opposition. The bombings were successful till the extent that they destroyed most of Libya’s military force used for repression. Thus, the amount of civilian, unintended, casualties were high. The creation of an integrated democratic governmental structure has shown some progress, but the latest report indicates new instability as power protest groups now claims power and use force to gain this (Nazemroaya, 2012). The Security Council has send negotiators, as Kofi Annan, to Syria to discuss possible diplomatic solutions to end the conflict. Yet, Bashar al-Assad does not want to comply. Its government is also stating that it is fighting terrorist groups and not the entire population of Syria. He refers to groups of protestors that are well armed and are targeting the Syrian government. It accuses the USA and other Western countries of supplying the opposition with resources to take out the government. In response to this acquisition the Western society claims the protestors need to defend themselves from ongoing governmental attacks (Cunningham, 2012). The Security Council has suggested a similar intervention as in Libya, thus Russia and China stood in the way as they vetoed this proposal. Russia has been internationally criticized for the ongoing weapon supply to the Syrian government. Battle helicopters have been shipped several times and the USA is the main opponent of this practice as it implies Russia is supporting the al-Assad regime and therefore approving it means on how to settle the conflict. Russia says it is not violating any international laws and that it is providing the helicopters for protection and not for attack (Lathd, 2012) Russia is Syria’s biggest arm supplier, it houses the only Russian naval base in the Mediterranean Sea. Syria has quite some Russian inhabitants and the Russian Orthodox church is influential regarding certain accommodations and populations in Syria (Carr, 2012). Besides these interests, other factors play a big role. Russia played its veto card with the statement that it does not want to see a Libya scenario again. That includes many civilian victims, the rise of radical Islamism and a lot of costs (Carr, 2012). It is stopping the Security Council from taking action in the form of an military intervention. It can also be taken in consideration that Putin faced some severe resistance when he reassigned himself as president and its resulting protests. Supporting another military intervention might give Putin away as a person willing to participate in overthrowing repression led governments, as Russia might be labeled as such with suspicious democratic regulations (Lathd, 2012). The Security Council has not been able to stop the conflict, yet its sanctions are felt more every day. But also these means of conflict suppression are not only inflicting al-Assads government, large parts of the population are facing below average standards of living. Russia also shares the opinion that Western states are providing resources to destroy the regime (Cunningham, 2012). Cunningham(2012) and Nazemroaya(2012) argue that international interventions are a tool of Western imperialism, modern colonialism. The power of the Security Council and its main members has grown towards a way to change states in such a way that the West will benefit from it, such as open economies ready for more foreign investments. The Western media plays a significant role in portraying situation as cruel and is good at moving the populations emotions and opinions. It tries to justify their actions by showing images of killed children, while negative reporting about NATO bombing and the resulted civilian deaths are hard to find. Once violence has started it is important to supply the opponent, in this case the protestors, with arms, so it can be said that the government, when shooting with sharp, is harming civilians. It is important that the media will justify the intervention with help from international organizations such as Amnesty International. The ‘Responsibility 2 Protect’ has been used under the headline ‘humanitarianism’ to execute violent operations as seen in Iraq, Afghanistan and Libya. The Security Council, and the UN, have enormous international powers and are able to decide over death and life. The hegemon plays an important in addressing and executing issues and missions. Much military interventions have led to the destruction of regimes and set boundaries for future development. Syrians are pessimistic about a foreign intervention as some of them still support al-Assad. It is unlikely that Russia will set for a new direction soon, leaving the situation of ongoing civil war to continue (Cunningham, 2012) (Nazemroaya, 2012). Up till present day no military intervention has been undertaken. Constant debate about the use of such a mean slows the power to act and protect down. Syria is under international interest, but the international community has not yet found a way to act and stop the violence. The conflict in Syria provides a better look at the problems international integration is facing when debate and veto votes lead to a stop in developing solutions for conflict. The democratic aspect leads to a proper justification of the Security Council’s decisions, but it turns against him when there is no cohesion. The consequences are severe, as Syria remains in a civil conflict. Conclusion The answer to the main question revolves around the process of globalization, the United Nations and the current conflict in Syria. International integration has generated an interconnected world, in where more is known then ever before and where states are generating cooperation. The change in communication resources has led to a network of intelligence where one can find and publish almost everything. Accessibility, fluidity and transparency mark modern times. The United Nations is a prime example of international integration and it will continue to be. Its goals, declarations, treaties and resolutions illustrate the worldwide need for international integration and its further development. The UN’s power has increased over time and the Security Council is one of the most profound organs to achieve its goals. The validity of the resolutions is determined by the permanent members, powerful actors in the world with more influence than other states. History illustrates interventions as successful means to stop violent conflicts and generate peace. Thus, this should be claimed with care as the current conflict in Syria is not benefitting from international integration. The empire steers the interests of the UN, yet others are able to influence its goals. As the USA is a superior military-, economical- and political power in the world, its influence has great consequence for international integration. World peace is one of the main goals of the United Nations and the integration of states worldwide has set out several positives achievements. Is international integration an advantage or disadvantage for world peace? The United Nations motivate international integration and its goals are clear. It wants to distribute wealth, create common interests of concern and stop violent conflicts. If international integration was less intense than it is nowadays, the legality of actions by states would be less, possibly provoking new conflicts. The democratic procedures justify the UN’s actions and consensus is properly reached. Yet, as the Syria case has shown, it also slows down the process of acting. Overall I would like to answer the question with; an advantage. Cooperation leads to efficient usage of resources as knowledge, money and weapons. It also integrates multiple interests and reflects opinions. The recognition of the UN’s goals creates a justifications for its actions and therefore prevents further conflict. If ( almost ) universal goals and means are approved, acting for the sake of world peace will be accepted faster. Bibliography Bertucci, G. , Alberti, A. (2001). Globalization and the Role of the State: Challenges and Perspectives. New York: United Nations. Carr, B. (2012, June 25). Syrian Solution Lies in Putin’s Hands. The Australian , p. 7. Cunningham, F. (2012). how the Arab League Has Become a Tool of Western Imperialism. Global Research. Donker, T. H. , Janssen, F. (2011). Supporting the Syrian Summer; Dynamics of the Uprising and Considerations for International Engagement. The Hague: Clingendael Institute. Fincle, P. , Govale, E. (2012, February 10). Globalisation. Retrieved July 1, 2012, from BBC Bitesize: http://www. bbc. co. uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/globalisation Giddens, A. (2000). Runaway World: How Globalization is Reshaping Our Lives. London: Routeledge Taylor and Francis. Goldstein, J. , Pevehouse, J. (2011). International Relations. London: Pearson. Iadicola, P. (2008). Globalization and Empire. International Journal of Social Inquiry , 3-36. Iadtu, S. (2011, August 18). Can western sanctions touch Bashar al-Assad? Guardian Comment Network . Jeffery, S. (2002, October 21). What is globalisation? Retrieved July 1, 2012, from The Guardian: http://www. guardian. co. uk/world/2002/oct/31/globalisation. simonjeffery Khalay, D. (2011, October 24). Damascus may have to revise its political mindset. BBC Monitoring Middle East , p. 10. Khamis, N. (2012, July 2). Historic arms trade negotiations a chance to prevent future Syrian-style slaughter. Amnesty International Annual Report . Lathd, S. (2012). Russia’s veto on Syria resolution sign or changing world order. BBC Worldwide Monitoring. Lombaerde, P. d. , Iapadre, P. L. (2007). International Integration and Societal Progress: A Critical Review of Globalisation Indicators. Paris: OECD. Maier, C. (2005). An American Empire? : The Problems of Frontiers and Peace in Twenty-First Century Politics. In L. C. Young, The New American Empire (pp. 9-11). New-York: The New Press. Nazemroaya, M. D. (2012). From the Cold War to NATO’s â€Å"Humanitarian Wars† – The Complicity of the United Nations. Global Research. Schippers, H. (2011, July). Op eigen kracht: taai verzet van Syrische oppositie. Internationale Spectator , pp. 401-404. Schooyans, M. (2001). The United Nations and Globalization. Louvain: Louvain University. Scott, S. V. (2010). International Law in World Politics. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Shaw, M. N. (2008). International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Sneyd, A. (2005). UN Millennium Summit. Hamilton: McMaster University. Times, T. N. (2011, March 19). In Syria, Crackdown After Protests. The New York Times , p. 10. UN. (1945). UN Charter. San Fransisco : UN. Zandee, D. (2012, April). International Interventies; ‘Lessons learned’. Retrieved June 28, 2012, from www. clingendeal. nl: http://www. clingendael. nl/search/results. html? term=Dick+Zandeestart=1division_id=target=author Zoepf, K. (2011, April 28). Long Repressed in Syria, an Internal Opposition Takes Shape. The New York Times , p. 12. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Transnational corporations, also called multinational corporations, are corporations operating in multiple states all over the world. An example is McDonalds, with restaurants in more than 100 countries [ 2 ]. Sovereignty is seen as a concept of a state being independent from other states influences. It entails that a certain territory that belongs to a state should not be interfered by another state so that it is free to make its own choices, create laws and determine a governmental form. [ 3 ]. In this context the word regime refers to states that are lead by dictators, corruption and unjustified government violence. How to cite International Integration, Essay examples

Sociological Learning Experience an Example by

Sociological Learning Experience The increasing interest of academicians and the public at large in the study of social life has opened many possibilities in sociology. Fields of specialization in the said field are continuously being developed in order to suit this academic trend. More importantly, though, the greatest contribution of sociology to an individual is its unique learning experience (Mills,1959/2000). Sociology offers a wide variety of experiences necessary to attain what social scientists call social knowledge. This type of knowledge can be procured by direct, indirect, actual, hypothetical calibration of existing theoretical strands in the field. Need essay sample on "Sociological Learning Experience" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Origin of Social Theory The development of social theory can be attributed to two revolutions: the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution. The Industrial Revolution provided the avenue for the development of a socio-economic theory, based essentially on mercantilism or free market system. The French Revolution provided the foundation of socio-political theory grounded on the principles of democracy and liberalism. The old socio-economic system of Europe prior to the two Revolutions was essentially based on economic conservatism. The Industrial and French Revolution was seen by conservative thinkers as a slack approach to socio-economic development. This policy appears to me to be the result of profound reflection; or rather the effect of following nature A spirit of innovation is generally the result of a selfish temper, and confined views. People will not look forward to posterity, who never look backward to their ancestors (Conservatism in Curtis, 1981:53). The conservatives criticized these Revolutions as the epitome of a backward philosophy. Their criticism created the basic premise in sociology: society affects the individual. The same thing can be said of the radicals: those who advocated the Industrial Revolution. These radicals believed that the individual can affect the society (innovation is the product of individual effort). Thus, the maxim of sociology was developed: society affec ts man, man affects social structure. Sociological Theory The development of a sociological theory can be attributed to three social scientists: Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber. Using the dialectical historical materialism, Marx developed the superstructure-substructure argument. Basing largely from historical data, he argued that the substructure of a society is dependent on the current economic system in use. This economic system directly influences the outcome of superstructure, that is, the institutions of society. The materialist conception of history starts from the proposition that the production of the means to support human life and, next to production, the exchange of things produced is the basis of social structure (Marx in Curtis, 1981:173). Once these institutions are in place, it will reinforce the current economic system. Emile Durkheim is often given the title as the first sociologist. He was the first to examine social life in a vast spectrum. Using suicide data from all over Europe, he concluded that single men are more prone to suicide than single women. Protestants are more prone to suicide than Catholics. He was able to identify social integration as the primary determinant of suicide (Henslin, 2007). He argued that social integration is critical to maintaining harmony among groups or individuals. Social integration, therefore, gives the individual the opportunity to be part of a group; a functioning individual in a functioning organization (Henslin, 2007). Max Weber developed a more comprehensive theory about the development of an ideology. He argued that the development of capitalism was essentially due to the development of Protestantism. In addition, he also argued that Protestantism provided the right ideology to maintain and spread capitalism in the Western hemisphere. Here, Weber expanded the concept and classified the concept of leadership. According to him, there are three types of authority: charismatic, traditional, and rational authority (Weber in Curtis, 1981:433). Charismatic leaders are obeyed based on his/her innate qualities. Traditional leaders base their authority on written or unwritten cultural traditions. Rational leaders ground their authority on rational principles: principles resulting from modern bureaucracies. Theories on Gender and Family Theories on gender and family life were developed out of the shortcomings of the Structuralist-functionalist perspective (this perspective assumes that the society is composed of functional structures). Feminists in the West argued that the society is controlled or governed by masculine objects or qualities (Henslin, 2007). Hence, they argued that the early theories about social life were influenced by masculine qualities theories that were deemed biased and compromising. Thus, they proposed new theoretical strands based on feminists principles. The same thing can be said about the development of theories on family life. Earlier, theories on family life were based essentially on Structuralist-Functionalist Perspective. Today, several schools of thought compound on this subject matter: a sign of knowledge expansion Methods Several methods were developed to suit the different theories and perspective in sociology. Surveys, ethnography (used primarily in anthropology), case studies, focus group discussions, and interviews are some of the methods currently used in the subject. References Curtis, Michael. 1981. The Great Political Theories. V.II. New York: Harper Collins Publishers. Henslin, James. 2007. Sociology: A Down-To-Earth Approach. 8th ed. New York: Allyn and Bacon. Mills, C. Wright. 1959/2000. The Sociological Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press.